African Acapella

Overview

Acapella is a term used to describe choral music that has no instrumental accompaniment. Most countries in Africa have their own traditions of acapella singing and songs are passed down orally through many generations. The Zulu styles of singing from South Africa which developed around the start of the 20th century are the most well know today.

Traditionally African acapella songs have been used to express and foster a sense of community. They might be performed at religious ceremonies or other important occasions such as weddings and funerals. African music has always been closely tied to dance and even when they tour around the world famous acapella choirs will still use a lot of dance and movement in the formal concerts they give.

As acapella singing is an oral tradition songs are performed from memory. Although there is usually no conductor a soloist will often lead the group.
Two famous South African choral groups are Soweto Gospel Choir and Ladysmith Black Mambazo.

Test Yourself

  • What is meant by the term ‘a capella’?
  • Name two harmonic characteristics of African a capella music
  • What happens in call and response singing?
  • Name a famous African a capella choir.

Additional Links

Key Features

Melody and Texture

  • Melodies are often very repetitive with the same basic phrase repeated over and varied a number of times.
  • Phrases frequently descend and seem to die away at the end 
  • Call and response is common. The call (or first phrase) often sung by a soloist and the response by the rest of the choir in unison or close harmony.
  • The texture is usually homophonic with the different parts moving together in parallel motion.

Rhythm

  • Complex syncopated rhythms sound very fluid as the follow the natural rhythms of the words.
  • The flexible beat and rhythms can make this music very difficult to notate.
  • Sometimes the rhythmic texture can make use of polyrhythms.

Harmony and Tonality

  • Songs are usually in a major key and use diatonic, repetitive harmonies.
  • Parts will often move together in parallel 3rds.

Timbre

  • Sometimes an ensemble will sing with force to create a strident and nasal sound.
  • At other times the group will create a soft and mellow blend which combined with the rise and fall in dynamics gives a gentle rippling effect.
  • Unusual vocal effects are frequently used such as ululating (which creates a high pitched wavering sound) percussive effects such as tongue clicks and glissando.


‘Bawo Thixo Somandla’ by Umoja 

Listen out for:

  • The percussive use of tongue clicks.
  • The repetitive melodies.
  • Major tonality.
  • Polyrhythmic texture.

South African Waterfront, Acapella 

Listen out for:

  • Call and response between soloist and chorus.
  • The repetitive melodies.
  • Major tonality.
  • The homophonic texture.
  • And look for the movement as part of the song.


Dihlabeng Community Choir 

Listen out for:

  • Unusual vocal effects such as ululating (which creates a high pitched wavering sound).
  • The rise and fall in dynamics.
  • The repetitive melodies.
  • Major tonality.
  • The homophonic texture.
  • And look for the movement as part of the song.